|
Beginner's Guide to OpenVMS
Beginner's
Guide to OpenVMS
|
OpenVMS
|
This handout is written to give users a basic understanding of the university's
OpenVMS systems. If you find any errors in this guide or have any comments
please send them to csainz@umiami.ir.miami.edu. This guide is also
available on the web at http://www.miami.edu/it/pubs/manuals/.
After reading this handout, you should be able to perform the following tasks:
- Log on (or sign on) to the OpenVMS system
- Execute simple commands
- Create, list, edit, and remove files
- Create and execute programs
- Obtain printouts of your files, including printouts of your program's
execution
- Log off from the system
| Note: |
This typestyle will be used for things that the computer
displays.
This typestyle will be used for things that you must type in. |
If you have questions about anything that you have read in this document,
please ask one of the User Assistants at the front desk. If you are at home,
you can call the Help Line at 284-2944.
In the ISF Computer lab you will see this menu:
Welcome to the ISF Computer Lab
< 1> IBM/CMS (VM/CMS)
< 2> GABLES (OpenVMS)
< 3> Jaguar (Unix)
< 4> Student Integrated System
< 5> Library
< 6> EASY
< 7> SCICS
< 8> Local Prompt
Enter Choice:
If you do not see the above menu, but see this on the screen
Local -011- Session 1 disconnected from xxxxx
Enter To Continue>
Press [RETURN] and you should see the menu.
If you see anything else on the screen like VM/ESA or SCICS, etc. Press the
[DO] key and the [F14]
key.
From the menu, type the number for OpenVMS and press
[RETURN]. You should now proceed to the section titled
Identifying Yourself.
| Note: |
To use the OpenVMS system through a modem, set your
communications program as follows:
Eight (8) data bits
No parity
One (1) stop bit
For up to 14400 baud the number to call to connect is: 284-6010.
For 28800 baud only the number to call to connect is: 284-6700
If you are using a low speed modem your responses will be better if you turn
off both buffering and data compression on your modem. |
Once you have made a connection, press [ENTER] and you
should see the following prompt:
Local>
At the Local> prompt, type the letter c (for
connect) and press the [RETURN] key:
Local> c [RETURN]
If
the connection was made, the system will inform you of this with something
similar to this message:
Local -010- Session 1 to GABLES on node STIMPY established
You are now connected to the OpenVMS Cluster.
Now, the system will display something similar to the following:
University of Miami (IR) VAX 4000-600 VMS Vx.x-xx
Username:
At
the Username: prompt, type in your userid and press the
[RETURN] key.
| Note: |
If you do not know what your userid is, please get the handout
entitled Userid Processor. When you find out what your userid is, proceed with
this handout. |
The system will respond with another prompt:
Password:
You
are required to supply a password so that the system knows that you are really
who you say you are. Since this is your first time logging into the system,
you will enter your default password. Your default password is formed by
taking the last four (4) digits of your student number and the first two
letters of your last name and putting them together. For example, if your name
was John Public and your student number was 123-45-6789, then your default
password would be 6789PU.
Enter your default password at the Password: prompt and press the
[RETURN] key. Notice that what you type is not
displayed on the screen. This is so nobody can look over your shoulder and see
what your password is. If your username is valid, the system will accept the
default password and log you on.
At this point, the system will ask you to change your default password. This
is because your default password is much too easy for anyone else to figure
out.
| Note: |
If at any time you want to change your password, use the command
SET PASSWORD and follow the process illustrated here. |
The system will begin the process with this prompt:
Old password:
Type
in your default password (the password you just typed to get logged on) and
press the [RETURN] key. Again, the system will not
display what you are typing. The system will then respond with this prompt:
New password:
You should choose a password that will be hard for others to guess. Do not use
your first, middle, maiden, or last names. Do not use names in general. They
are easy to remember, and also easy to guess by others. Do not pick a password
that somehow describes yourself. Be obscure, but pick some series of letters
and numbers that you can remember. A password is not very good if you make it
so hard that even you cannot remember it.
Never write down your password. You may accidentally lose whatever you
wrote your password on.
Never give out your password to anyone. It is against University policy to give
out your password.
Finally, a password must begin with a letter (it does not matter whether it is
upper- or lowercase, the system does not differentiate), and it must be at
least six characters long. When you have decided on a password, type it in and
press the [RETURN] key. The system now displays this
prompt:
Verification:
Since
you cannot see what you are typing, the system is just making sure that you
typed what you wanted to type. If you made a mistake, just press the
[RETURN] key. The system will tell you that your
password was not changed and you must begin the process again. Otherwise, just
retype your new password and press the [RETURN] key.
If everything is correct the system will display the system prompt (also called
the Digital Command Language (DCL) prompt), a single dollar sign
($).
| Note: |
If you forget your password, you will need to contact Terry
Helmers at 284-3849 to have it reset. |
In order for you to use any computer effectively, you must know how to list,
create, and edit files. This section will focus on the commands that are used
to accomplish these tasks.
Before we get into the commands, you will need to know how the OpenVMS system
names files. Filenames on the OpenVMS system follow this general format:
filename.ext. The filename
part must begin with a letter and can be a maximum length of 39
characters (which includes the alphanumeric, the underscore, and the dollar
sign($) ). The ext (for extension) part
uses only the first three characters of the extension to determine a file's
type. But it can also be up to 39 characters.
At the end of every filename, the system appends a version number. It is
separated from the filename by a semicolon (;). The version number is added
when changes are made to a file. The latest version of a file has the highest
number.
Examples of filenames and some common extensions are listed below:
LOGIN.COM (COMmand file)
DATA.DAT (DATa file)
STUFF.TXT (TeXT file)
PROGRAM.OBJ (OBJect file)
PROGRAM.EXE (EXEcutable file)
NUM2STR.LIS (LISting file)
JUNE11.PAS (PAScal program file)
DEG_TO_RAD.C (C program file)
The DIRECTORY command will list all the files that you have.
$ DIR
If you do not have any files in your directory, the system will respond
with an error message:
%DIRECT-W-NOFILES, no files found
Otherwise, the system might display something like this:
Directory USER1:[USERS.991MTH523x.pqrs2z]
LOGIN.COM;7 LOGIN.COM;6 MAIL.MAI;1
Total of 3 files.
Creating and editing a file is accomplished through one command, EDIT.
To create a new file, type in this command:
$ EDIT filename.ext
where
filename.ext is the name of the file you want to
create. For our purposes, we will use NEWFILE.TXT as the filename for
the new file.
| Note: |
You do not need to include the version number when creating or
editing a file. The system will use the latest version. |
Once you press [RETURN], the system will enter the
editor. The editor will then display its prompt and a message telling you that
NEWFILE.TXT does not already exist:
Input file does not exist
[EOB] (This marks the end of the file.)
*
To
begin full-screen editing, you must enter this command at the asterisk
prompt:
* c
This
tells the editor that you wish to make changes to your file. Once you press
the [RETURN] key, the screen will be cleared and all
you will see is the end-of-file mark. Now type a line of text like so:
This is line one.
When using the editor, the cursor keys can be used to move around in a
document. To leave the editor and create/save the file, do as follows:
[CTRL] [Z] (Hold down [CTRL] key then press the letter [Z])
* EXIT
If
you use the DIR command now, you should see the filename of the file you
just created. To get back into this file, or any other text file, simply use
the EDIT command and the filename of the file you want to edit:
$ EDIT NEWFILE.TXT
When you have finished working with a file, you can use the EXIT command
to save the changes. If, for some reason, you do not wish to save the changes
you made, then use this command at the edit command prompt:
* QUIT
These commands are NOT interchangeable. There is an important
difference. EXIT will save your changes, QUIT will not.
The system will now allow you to type in commands for it to execute. Here are
a few of the most common commands.
| Note: |
Unless specified otherwise, you must press the [RETURN] key at
the end of a command. For simplicity we will omit this from this point on. |
HELP
Use this command to find information on commands. There are two ways to use
the HELP command. The first is without a command:
$ HELP
This
will enter you into the Help Facility. From here, you get an alphabetical
listing of all the various commands and topics that are used on the OpenVMS
system.
The second way to use HELP is when you know what command you need help
with:
$ HELP SHOW
CONTROL-C
The control c command, [CTRL] and [c], will stop any process that you have
started.
DELETE
This command deletes or removes the named file:
$ DELETE filename.ext;v
You
must include the version number of the file you are deleting. If you want to
delete all versions of a file, use an asterisk (*) for the version number.
| Note: |
Be Careful with this command. There are ways to get files back
if they are accidentally deleted, but it is difficult and time-consuming. |
DIRECTORY
This command will list all the files that you have.
$ DIRECTORY
or
$ DIR
If
you do not have any files in your directory, the system will respond with an
error message:
%DIRECT-W-NOFILES, no files found
Otherwise,
the system might display something like this:
Directory USER1:[USERS.991MTH523x.pqrs2z]
LOGIN.COM;7 LOGIN.COM;6 MAIL.MAI;1
Total of 3 files.
PRINT
To make a printout of your files type the following:
$ PRINT filename.ext
You should get a message from the system telling you that the file is now
printing or is waiting to be printed. For picking up print-outs see section 6.
PURGE
This command will delete all but the most recent versions of your files. It is
useful when the system complains that your quota has been exceeded.
$ PURGE
If
you only want to purge the old versions of a specific file, then include the
filename with the command:
$ PURGE OLDFILE.PAS
| Note: |
Be Careful with this command. There are ways to get files back
if they are accidentally deleted, but it is difficult and time-consuming. |
SHOW
This command tells the system to display information. You tell it what to
show:
$ SHOW USERS
This example will give a listing of all the users currently using the OpenVMS
system.
$ SHOW QUOTA
This example will show a statement from the system telling how much storage
space, or quota, has been assigned to you and how much is in use.
SET
This command allows you to change various aspects of the system. For example,
you are able to set the prompt with this command:
$ SET PROMPT="My Prompt "
If you do this correctly, the dollar sign prompt will be replaced by whatever
you put between the quotes.
TYPE
This command displays a text file on the screen. Never use this command on a
non-text file, since this will probably lock up your terminal.
$ TYPE/PAGE login.com
The /PAGE option displays one screen at a time, allowing the user to read a
file that is larger than one screen.
More than likely, you will be using the system to create and execute programs.
The creation of program files, called source files, use the exact same
process as shown in Creating And Editing Files, in Section 3. The only
difference is that you must use the correct extension. The correct extension
depends on what kind of program you are writing. If you are writing a Pascal
program, the extension must be .PAS. If it is a C program the extension
must be .C.
When you have completed entering in your source file, you will need to use a
compiler. A compiler is a program that checks your source file for syntax and
creates what is called an object file.
To compile a Pascal source file called program.pas type the following:
$ PASCAL PROGRAM
The
compiler will look for a file called PROGRAM.PAS. This is why it is
important to use the correct extension in your filenames. Here is a short list
of other compiler commands, a sample filename with the correct extension for
each, and what languages they are used for:
FORTRAN NUMBERS.FOR FORTRAN
MACRO JOKER.MAR Assembler
BASIC ORANGES.BAS BASIC
CC SILLY.C C
If
your source file passes inspection by the compiler, then it will create an
object file using your filename and OBJ as the extension. In this
example, the object file would be called PROGRAM.OBJ. You can then use
the LINK command to link the object file and create an
executable that can be run:
$ LINK PROGRAM
The linker will look for a file called PROGRAM.OBJ, which the compiler
created for you.
| Note: |
DO NOT use the file extension when linking your object file. If
you do, this will produce a stream of error messages. Pressing the [CTRL] and
[C] keys together several times should stop the process. Also, be careful not
to link your source file! Nothing will happen to your file, but a string of
errors will occur. Follow the same steps to stop the process as used
above. |
When the linker is finished, it will create an executable file which you can
run. The filename will be your filename with an EXE extension. In this
example, the file created would be called PROGRAM.EXE. To run your
program, use the RUN command:
$ RUN PROGRAM
When you compile your program, you may wish the system to produce a listing
file, or a file which contains your source file and detailed information
about its compilation (or the errors produced by compilation). Use the
/LIST qualifier with any of the compiler commands:
$ PASCAL/LIST PROGRAM
or
$ FORTRAN/LIST NUMBERS
This
will create a file with your filename and an extension of LIS. In this
example, the file would be called PROGRAM.LIS. You can then use the
TYPE command to examine the file:
$ TYPE PROGRAM.LIS
or
$ TYPE NUMBERS.LIS
The C linker requires that you provide a library file of the functions that it
needs to create an executable file. First create a file called CLIB.OPT
as follows:
$ EDIT CLIB.OPT
Input file does not exist
[EOB]
* c
{the screen is cleared}
sys$library:vaxcrtl.exe/share
[CTRL] [Z]
* EXIT
Now, whenever you want to link your C object file (for this example we have a
file called HELLO.OBJ), you will type in this command:
$ LINK HELLO, CLIB/OPT
| Note: |
Note that the command is CLIB (slash) OPT and not CLIB (dot) OPT
as is in the name of the file |
The C language provides a method that can be used to allow a user to
pass from the DCL prompt arguments that can be used in their program. For
example, if a program was written that counted the number of characters in a
string, a function that asks the user to type in the string might be
included:
$ RUN COUNTSTRING
Please enter the string to be counted here: CHARCOUNT
The number of characters is 8.
By
using the command-line argument feature, the user can enter the string at the
same time the program is run:
$ COUNTSTRING CHARCOUNT
The number of characters is 8.
| Note: |
There is no RUN command preceding the program name. The RUN
command does not allow you to pass arguments to your program. Therefore you
create a symbol (something which represents some other value) to allow you to
pass arguments to the program. |
In order to use the command-line arguments with a C program, the
program's main function must be declared as follows:
main (argc,argv)
int argc;
char *argv[]
{[function implementation goes here]}
The
parameter argc is the argument count (starting count at 1), and argv
is the character array containing the argument (starting at array element
0). Next a DCL prompt that will represent the directory path of the executable
file needs to be assigned. If the program's executable file is called
HELLO.EXE, then the symbol assignment would be as follows:
$ HELLO == "$ USER1:[USERS.903MTH517D.USERID]HELLO.EXE"
| Note: |
In making this symbol assignment, you do not include the version
number. The vax will assume that you mean to use the most recent version of
the file. |
The directory path that will be used will probably be different than the one
shown in the example. The system will show the directory path with this
command:
$ DIRECTORY filename.EXE
where
filename.EXE is the name of the executable file you
need to make a symbol for. The directory path will be listed after the word
DIRECTORY. If you wanted to find the directory path of HELLO.EXE
then type the following command:
$ DIRECTORY HELLO.EXE
The
system will respond with something similar to this:
Directory USER1:[USERS.903MTH517D.USERID]
HELLO.EXE;1
Total of 1 file.
The
string of characters after the word DIRECTORY is the directory path that
is used when making a symbol. When you are finished with the set-up, arguments
can be passed from the DCL prompt to the program. Continuing with the example,
the command is as follows:
$ HELLO arguments-1 arguments-2 ... arguments-n
where
arguments-1 ... are the list of arguments you want to pass to the
program.
To make a printout of your files, type:
$ PRINT filename.ext
You should get a message from the system telling you that the file is now
printing or is waiting to be printed.
| Note: |
Only try to print text files, all other files will produce
unexpected results. |
The User Assistants at the front desk of the ISF will pick up the system
printouts every fifteen minutes. You will need to go to them to collect your
printout. If you decide to pick up your printout later, it will be filed at
the front desk alphabetically by your username for 48 hours.
When you have completed your program to the point that you have created an
executable file, you may need to make a printout of your program while it runs.
In order to do this, you will need to create a batch job. A batch job
is a command file that contains a series of commands to be executed with the
results sent to either another file or to the printer.
For this example, let's say you have a Pascal program that asks for a last name
and then outputs the name backwards. The program's filename is
BACKWARDS.PAS. You have already compiled it and linked it and it works
flawlessly. Now you want to create a batch job so that you will get a printout
of the listing file, a printout of the user's input, and a printout of your
program's execution.
First, you must create a file containing the user's input. You will call this
file DATA.DAT. The data in this file must be entered exactly as if a
user were entering it into the program. If your program asks for both first
and last names in that order, then your data file would have to contain first
and last names in the order the program expects to receive them. If you
do not put the data into the file correctly, your program will not execute
properly, or, may not execute at all.
The program is going to ask for three names, each name followed by the
[RETURN] key. The process for creating the
DATA.DAT file is as follows:
$ EDIT DATA.DAT
Input file does not exit
[EOB]
* c
{the screen is cleared}
CARLOS GROSS
JULIE CLAUS
CHRISTOPHER BROCCOLI
[CTRL] [Z] (Hold down [CTRL] then press [Z])
* EXIT
Now
that the data file has been created, you can now make the command file that
will be the heart of the batch job.
| Note: |
A command file is nothing more that a file that uses DCL as its
language instead of Pascal or C (DCL is the language that you have been using
at the dollar sign prompt). You cannot compile or link a command file. |
In this file, you must include all the commands you wish to be executed. In
order to tell the system that these are DCL commands and not just pieces of
data, you must precede each line with a dollar sign. For your example, the
file should be entered as follows:
$ EDIT RUN2.COM
Input file does not exist
[EOB]
* c
[the screen is cleared}
$ PASCAL/LIST BACKWARDS
$ TYPE BACKWARDS.PAS
$ LINK BACKWARDS
$ TYPE DATA.DAT
$ DEFINE/USER_MODE SYS$INPUT DATA.DAT
$ RUN BACKWARDS
[CTRL] [Z] (Hold down [CTRL] key then press [Z])
* EXIT
| Note: |
If some of the commands used here are unfamiliar, use the Help
Facility to get more information. |
To execute a batch job, it must be submitted to a special queue for
processing. A queue is a place in the OpenVMS system where jobs are kept until
the processor is ready to accept them. To submit the batch job, use this
command:
$ SUBMIT/NOTIFY/NOPRINT/QUEUE=FAST RUN2
The
/NOTIFY qualifier tells the system to inform you when the batch job has
been completed. The /QUEUE qualifier tells the system to submit the
batch job into the queue called FAST. The /NOPRINT qualifier
tells the system to save the results into a file rather than send it to the
printer. This is done so that if some error is generated, you will not waste
page after page of paper for a printout that you are not going to use anyway.
If there are no problems, the system will issue a message telling you that the
job has completed execution. A file called RUN2.LOG will be created.
This file will contain the results of the batch job. You can examine it using
the TYPE command if you wish. To print it out, just
type:
$ PRINT RUN2.LOG
The
file will be sent to the printer. If the system does have a problem with the
batch job, it will tell you that the job was terminated with an error. The
file RUN2.LOG will still be created, and you can use the TYPE
command in order to discover what the error is since it will be included in
the file. You will need to correct whatever the error is and re-submit the job.
Electronic Mail allows users to send messages to other users within the
university community and around the world. When you log onto the OpenVMS
system, you may hear your terminal beep and have something like this message
displayed:
You have 3 new Mail messages.
This
means that you have three mail messages that you have not read.
To be able to send mail to a person at another site, you will have to know that
person's username and hostname. The username identifies the person within the
system the same way your username identifies you in the OpenVMS system. The
hostname identifies which system you are in. For example, the host name
designated for the OpenVMS system is "umiami.ir.miami.edu." The internet
address combines the username and hostname to identify both the user and the
system. The standard format for the internet address is:
username@host.dept.company.domain
In
the OpenVMS system the internet address must be enclosed in the string IN%"".
MAIL> SEND
To: IN%"username@host.dept.company.domain"
| Note: |
When sending mail to someone on the same system as you, just type
the userid. |
Learning to use folders in mail can be helpful. When you receive mail it is
put into a folder called NEWMAIL, after it has been read the computer
moves it automatically to a folder called MAIL. If you delete a message
it is moved to a folder named WASTEBASKET. If you want to retrieve a
message that you have deleted you can get it from the WASTEBASKET
folder. When you exit mail the WASTEBASKET folder is automatically
deleted. You can also create folders to store messages and move messages from
folder to folder with the move command, (see Basic Mail Commands). To see a
list of your mail folders, type the following:
MAIL> DIR/FOLDER
If
after seeing the list of folders you want to select a specific folder, type the
following:
MAIL> SEL foldername
This
will allow you to read the messages in that folder as you would with new mail.
If at any time you would like to delete a folder just delete all of the
messages in the folder and the folder will be deleted automatically.
To enter the Mail Facility, just type in this command at the dollar-sign (DCL)
prompt:
$ MAIL
and
press the [RETURN] key. The system will respond with this prompt:
MAIL>
You
are now inside the Mail Facility. If you have any unread Mail messages, the
system will also display the number of these unread items.
HELP
This command gives information on Mail commands. If you know the command that
you need help with just type the command following the HELP.
MAIL> HELP EXTRACT or MAIL>
HELP
COMPRESS
This command makes your mail file smaller. To use this command type the
following:
MAIL> COMPRESS
If no errors were returned, exit mail and delete MAIL.OLD.
$ DEL MAIL.OLD;*
If you do not delete the old file you will actually have less space than
before the compression, since you would have the compressed file
MAIL.MAI and the old uncompressed file MAIL.OLD.
DELETE
This command is used to delete messages:
MAIL> DELETE message-number
If
you want to delete all of your messages, type in this command:
MAIL> DELETE/ALL
DIRECTORY and SELECT
This command will list all the messages stored in a Mail folder. You can see a
listing of all the folders you have with this command:
MAIL> DIRECTORY/FOLDER
In order to see all the messages stored in a folder, you will first need to
SELECT the folder:
MAIL> SELECT foldername
After
you have selected a folder, you can then use the DIRECTORY command to list all
of the messages:
MAIL> DIRECTORY
| Note: |
The current mail folder is displayed in the upper right-hand
corner of the screen whenever you are reading a message or when you use the
DIRECTORY command. |
EXTRACT
This command is used to extract a file that a user has sent to you. To extract
a file enter the following command:
MAIL> EXTRACT/NOHEADER filename.ext
The
/NOHEADER qualifier tells mail to remove the address header from the file.
MOVE
This command is used to move messages from one folder to another or to create a
new mail folder:
MAIL> MOVE foldername
To
use this command you must be reading the message you want to move.
READ
To begin reading your mail, type in this command:
MAIL> READ messagenumber
After
reading your first message, you can just use the [RETURN]
key to begin reading other messages. If someone sends you mail while you
are inside the Mail Facility, use this command to read the new mail:
MAIL> READ/NEW
REPLY
The reply command will allow you to send a response to the sender of a
message. To do so type this command:
MAIL> REPLY
SEND
The send command is used to send files or a mail message. To send a file use
the following command:
MAIL> SEND filename.txt
To
send a mail message enter the following command:
MAIL> SEND
The
difference between sending a file and a mail message is that when a file is
being sent the computer will ask for an address and a subject but will not
allow a message to be entered. If you decide that you do not want to send the
message or file press [CTRL-C] (the control and c keys
at the same time).
You can also use the following commands:
MAIL> SEND/ED OR SEND/CC
The /ED calls the editor so you can type your message,
(see editing files). The /CC option allows you to send
a carbon copy of the message to another user.
Here are a few options that a user can set to suit their needs. If you want a
personal message added to the top of all of your messages, type in the following
at the MAIL> prompt:
MAIL> SET PERSONAL_NAME "your message here"
To
remove this message, type the following:
MAIL> SET NOPERSONAL_NAME
If
you want Mail to prompt you for the usernames and addresses that you want to
send a Carbon Copy of your message or file to, type in this command:
MAIL> SET CC_PROMPT
To
prevent Mail from prompting you for this information, type the following:
MAIL> SET NOCC_PROMPT
To
have Mail automatically make a copy of any mail that you send or reply to and
save it to your mail file, type in this command:
MAIL> SET COPY_SELF SEND,REPLY
To
disable this feature, type in the following:
MAIL> SET COPY_SELF NOSEND,NOREPLY
If
you see an option and are unsure about it or want to know some more, type in
HELP SET at the MAIL> prompt.
When you are finished using the Mail Facility, type in this command:
MAIL> EXIT
The
system will then leave the Mail Facility and present you with the DCL prompt.
News is an electronic bulletin board utility that spans thousands of systems.
It offers users a means to read information on topics of interest to the user,
as well as to post information or questions about specific topics.
News is invoked by typing NEWS at the DCL prompt.
$ NEWS
On first entering news, you are presented with a screen showing the topics (or
newsgroups) which are currently available.
To read the titles of the news item which have been sent to news for a given
newsgroup, position the cursor next to the newsgroup and press
[RETURN]. The screen will then display a directory of
all current items held in the selected newsgroup. To read the text of an item
which has been sent to news, position the cursor next to the item and type
[RETURN]. Once the item has been displayed, typing
another [RETURN] will display in a sequential fashion
each of the notes received under newsgroup or typing the command
DIR/ALL will again display the list of all newsgroups.
Exiting completely from news is accomplished by typing
[CTRL] or by typing the command
EXIT.
In case you need more help, NEWS has a HELP command.
When you have completed all your work on the system, there is one final command
you will need to enter:
$ LOGOFF
The
system will log you off and the Local> prompt will return. At the Local>
prompt type:
local> lo
to log off the university's computer system.
For further assistance see a User Assistant at the front desk or call
284-2944.
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